Biomes -- the interconnected systems of plants and animals in a region
-- evolved over hundreds of thousands of
years, based on local weather patterns and land structures.
Predator/prey relationships, pollination mechanisms, seeding and
birthing scheduling, and many other delicate interrelationships
maintain stability in a biome.
Unfortunately, human activities over the last century have been
dramatically disrupting these stable systems. The plastics we dump into the ocean
break down into tiny little plastic particles, but never fully
dissolve -- and they clog the gill and digestive systems of fish,
birds, and sea mammals. The
mercury we pump out of our coal plants into the air settles onto
multiple biomes, which accrete in predator species, and kill them.
The prescription drugs we urinate into our sewers
and streams produce endocrine system disruptions in most vertebrates.
The fertilizer we pump onto our
fields leach into rivers and bays, which overfeeds algae, leading to
anaerobic "dead zones" in
the ocean of hundreds of square miles.
When it comes to the concept of invasive species, it can be
argued that humans are the most invasive species of all. From our
origins on the African continent, we proceeded to invade the
entire planet -- in the most dramatic diaspora imaginable. No other
species has spread so far, and made so many alterations in the
environment. The list of those alterations is without end -- the
Project can only hope to tickle the very tip that quickly
melting iceberg.
Ultimately, everything humans have introduced into the
environment, intentionally or unintentionally -- pollution, cane
toads, rats, zebra mussels, kudzu, pathogens, estrogens,
billboards, GM foods, etc. -- can be
considered an introduction of non-indigenous factors. We can
think of but a few breaches that can't be blamed on humans:
volcanoes, tsunamis, and earthquakes.
Of course, a meteor slamming into the planet is the Mother of
all Biology Breaches. But we consider those of a different ilk.
This apocalypse is something of a catch-all of human
intrusions into the living world. Our warming of
the oceans is breaching the stability of the coral systems. Our
strip-farming of the Midwest has wiped out the stability of the
grasslands and the topsoil. Our sewer systems concentrate the hormones we
urinate, which disrupt the endocrine systems of the fish in our
rivers, and the other animals which feed on them. The acidic rain
that falls on forests disrupts the balances within the soil,
damaging the health of every tree within it.
Understanding this apocalypse requires requires systemic thinking,
at which humans are notoriously poor. We kill the wolves, because we
don't want them eating our sheep -- and then we wonder why there are
so many deer munching our gardens. We cut down the hillside trees to build
condos, and then wonder why we have landslides when it rains hard. We
stripmine the ocean with driftnets, and then wonder why the Northern
cod has disappeared.
We are projecting, over the next ten years, using mostly pessimistic
predictions, the following scenario:
- Immune and reproductive systems of many animals will be
compromised because of humanly-produced toxins (endocrine disrupters,
heavy metals, etc.)
- Invasive species -- such as the Asian
Longhorned Beetle currently chewing on the maple trees in North
America -- will cause dramatic impacts on existing biome balances.
- Unexpected results from genetically
engineered plants will cause dramatic disruptions in multiple
biosystems.
- Overwhelmed by carbon dioxide, oceans acidify,
producing massive die-offs of coral reef and other key marine life.
- Coastal areas will be breached, according
to some estimates, by more than a meter by the end of the century, but
with storm surges in the next decade that wash away much economically
valuable coastland.
- Warming climates create shorter
hibernation cycles -- or these mammals don't hibernate at all --
putting entire species at risk of starvation
- The so-called Eighth Continent, the
North Pacific gyre where a massive island of trash now floats,
grows beyond its current range of "twice the size of Texas"
- Environmental toxins create early
onset puberty in young mammals, including human boys and girls,
disrupting normal growth and development
-
Giant dust clouds assist in the transcontinental dispersion of
influenza, SARS, heavy metals, fungi, bacteria, and other
unpleasant elements
- Desperate to sustain current
lifestyles and energy needs, humans continue to exploit existing
natural resources, thus accellerating all current crises
- We anticipate tremendous economic disruption because of
unanticipated consequences. Surprises like giant oxygen-free
areas of the ocean, because of our effluent; a dramatic rise in
infertility across mammals, because we pump out fake hormones through
our plastic; basic crops increasingly produce allergic reactions in
many humans, because invasive artificial genes have drifted;
etc.
- Politicians will blather on about a war
on terrorism, and free markets, and the economy, and treat each breach
instance as an isolated oddity -- because understanding complexity is
almost as hard as communicating it.
Many of these breaches are not solvable within a human lifetime,
because of the accumulated toxic reach of our actions over five
generations. Others, like unintended consequences of genetic
modification, may be impossible to repair. But clearly we need to
return to living lightly on the earth, and making decisions with the
seventh (or even third?) coming generation in mind.
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| Recent Biology Breach News |
Fish with double jaw sparks eco interest "CALGARY - A northern First Nations band which displayed a deformed, two-jawed fish at a weekend water conference says the grotesque specimen has spurred efforts to collect evidence to show that Alberta's oilsands are poisoning both wildlife and people.
George Poitras, a spokesman for the Mikisew Cree, said the band is determining what to do with the large goldeye, which was found last week by children playing in the waters of Lake Athabasca, downstream from the oilsands."
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New sea change forecasts present a slimy picture Earth's oceans are on the brink of massive change. You see it in such details as the hordes of Pacific mollusks that researchers have identified as ready to invade the North Atlantic as a thawing Arctic Ocean opens the way. You also see it in broad trends: A new overview warns that such relentless human impacts as overfishing or agricultural pollution -- as well as global warming -- threaten mass extinctions of marine life.
Jeremy Jackson at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, who made that overview, notes that this is "not a happy picture."
He says that "the only way to keep one's sanity and try to achieve real success is to carve out sectors of the problem that can be addressed in effective terms and get on with it as quickly as possible."
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Chronic lead poisoning from urban soils While acute lead poisoning from toys and direct ingestion of interior paint has received more publicity, these cases account for only a portion of children with lead poisoning. Many health officials are increasingly concerned with chronic lead poisoning, which occurs at lower levels of lead in the blood and are harder to diagnose. Babies and young children may develop chronic lead poisoning when playing in dirt yards or playgrounds or in areas with blowing dry soil tainted with the lead, which is ubiquitous in older urban areas.... As their neurons develop, the nervous system tries to use lead in place of calcium and the child's neural systems fail to form correctly. This impairs neural function leading to irreversibly decreased IQ and increased attention deficient issues.
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Carcinogens from car exhaust can linger "The daily exposure to free radicals from car exhaust, smokestacks and even your neighbors' barbecue could be as harmful as smoking, according to a new study. Many combustion processes, such as those in a car, create tiny particles that may act as brewing pots and carriers for free radicals -- chemicals believed to cause lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases."
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Jellyfish invasion: Britain to fight them on the beaches "The growing threat from swarms of jellyfish around Britain's coast is to be investigated for the first time by British and Irish scientists. Using the latest technology, researchers are planning to tag jellyfish to explore their life cycles and movement in a project known as Ecojel."
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"Toxic" Indian festivals poison waterways "MUMBAI (Reuters) - Toxic chemicals from thousands of idols of Hindu gods immersed in rivers and lakes across India are causing pollution which is killing fish and contaminating food crops, experts and environmentalists said on Monday... Elaborately painted and decorated idols are worshipped before they are taken during mass processions to rivers, lakes and the sea, where they are immersed in accordance with Hindu faith.
Environmentalists say the idols are often made from non-biodegradable materials such as plastic, cement and plaster of Paris and painted with toxic dyes."
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Health questions linger after state study on Fort Lauderdale trash incinerator "FORT LAUDERDALE - A state study that found few links between toxic ashes from the Wingate trash incinerator and health problems in nearby neighborhoods downplayed important data, according to several health experts who worked on the survey.
One expert, University of Alabama at Birmingham epidemiologist Jeffrey Roseman, helped design the study and said state officials dismissed high rates of reported anemia, asthma and cancers in the northwestern Fort Lauderdale community around Wingate."
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Fattest children to be taken away from their parents "Dangerously overweight children will have to be taken from their parents and put into care because of Britain's worsening "obesity epidemic", council leaders have warned.
One million children will be clinically obese within four years on current trends, storing up future problems from heart disease, strokes, high blood pressure and diabetes.
The Local Government Association (LGA), which represents 400 councils in England and Wales, predicted social services teams would have to take drastic action to improve the health of seriously overweight children."
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Worrying invasive snail found in Lake Michigan "CHAMPAIGN, Ill. - Scientists worry that a rapidly reproducing, tiny invasive snail recently found in Lake Michigan could hurt the lake's ecosystem. The New Zealand mud snail joins a long and growing list of nonnative species moving into the Great Lakes, threatening to disrupt the food chain and change the local environment."
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Fragrances in Common Household Products Contain Many Toxins According to a study that was posted on the Environmental Impact Assessment Review and reported by CBS, there are many different kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in laundry detergents, air fresheners (in solid, spray and oil form), dryer sheets, and fabric softener. VOCs are small substances that evaporate into the air.... She was able to identify some of the VOCs, discovering that 10 of those that she found were considered toxic under the U.S. federal law. Furthermore, three out of ten of the VOCs were considered air pollutants: acetaldehyde, chloromethane, and 1,4 dioxane.
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Study Shows Continued Spread Of 'Dead Zones'; Lack Of Oxygen Now A Key Stressor On Marine Ecosystems A global study led by Professor Robert Diaz of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, shows that the number of "dead zones" -- areas of seafloor with too little oxygen for most marine life -- has increased by a third between 1995 and 2007.... The study, which appears in the August 15 issue of the journal Science, tallies 405 dead zones in coastal waters worldwide, affecting an area of 95,000 square miles, about the size of New Zealand. The largest dead zone in the U.S., at the mouth of the Mississippi, covers more than 8,500 square miles, roughly the size of New Jersey.
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Tip: Bumming out? Don't forget that there's also the
Recovery Scenario!
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Three pesticides singled out in report as threat to salmon "Overwhelming evidence" suggests the pesticides are interfering with the ability of salmon to swim, find food, reproduce and escape bigger fish trying to eat them, says the evaluation issued by the National Marine Fisheries Service.... Chloripyrifos. Also known by trade names that include Dursban and Lorsban, it is used on more than three dozen crops, including asparagus, alfalfa, cherries, broccoli, onions, pears and peaches, as well as for industrial uses and to control mosquitoes and fire ants.
Diazinon. Also known as Knox Out, Spectracide and other brand names, diazinon is used on about 50 crops, including almonds, apples, blueberries, carrots, grapes, spinach and strawberries.
Malathion is used on more than 100 crops, including avocados, cauliflower, corn, mangoes, rice, sweet potatoes and watermelon. For homes, it is registered for use on lawns, flowering plants, vegetable gardens, fruit trees, shrubs and other trees.
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Lake Utopia's toxic algal bloom The blue-green algae, he said, is caused by increased nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen, which come from a variety of sources. Fox said the increase could be an accumulation of many factors, including the flow from a canal that flows from the man-made headpond created by a power dam, automatic dishwater soap flowing into the water, the Cooke Aquaculture hatchery located on the lake, fertilizers people are using to grow grass on their lawns, leaky sewage systems and recreational boating.... Cleary advised that drinking the water could result in a "pretty nasty effect" of nausea and diarrhea and possibly death... The doctor explained that while humans probably wouldn't choose to swim in the scummy areas of the water or swallow it, animals don't know any better and should not be permitted to swim in the lake.
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The chemistry of beauty You know those 12 products women use daily? That adds up to some 168 chemical ingredients, and men's habits total about 85 ingredients. I deposit about 110 chemicals into my body every day.... [C]hronic illness and disease in the United States is on the rise, affecting almost one-half of the population, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As the use of synthetic chemicals post-World War II increased, so did infertility, birth defects in males, testicular cancer and learning disabilities. Breast cancer used to be relegated to post-menopausal women. Now young women in their 20s are afflicted.... This industry is the least regulated under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
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Venomous lionfish prowls fragile Caribbean waters "SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico - A maroon-striped marauder with venomous spikes is rapidly multiplying in the Caribbean's warm waters, swallowing native species, stinging divers and generally wreaking havoc on an ecologically delicate region. The red lionfish, a tropical native of the Indian and Pacific oceans that probably escaped from a Florida fish tank, is showing up everywhere -- from the coasts of Cuba and Hispaniola to Little Cayman's pristine Bloody Bay Wall, one of the region's prime destinations for divers. Wherever it appears, the adaptable predator corners fish and crustaceans up to half its size with its billowy fins and sucks them down in one violent gulp."
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Files Show Governor Intervened With Court regarding DuPont Judgment When Gov. Joe Manchin III of West Virginia filed a friend-of-the-court brief in June arguing that the State Supreme Court should review a $382 million judgment against the DuPont Company, he said he was not taking sides, but acting in the interest of due process. Documents from the governor's office, however, show that Mr. Manchin had consulted with the company before filing the brief, and DuPont officials say the governor even asked them to provide him with a draft brief.
The case involves thousands of residents in and around Spelter, W.Va., where DuPont operated a zinc-smelting plant. Last October, a jury in Harrison County ruled that DuPont deliberately endangered those residents by dumping toxic arsenic, cadmium and lead at the plant... The revelations of Mr. Manchin’s involvement in the DuPont case come against a backdrop of larger concerns raised recently about the independence of the state's legal system. In the last year, two Supreme Court justices have come under scrutiny for ties to company executives that had cases pending before the court.
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Powerful Friends of Posco and Sterlite In today's world, where the real wealthy are the corporate tycoons, it is hardly surprising that they are using their wealth not just to win friends but also to buy loyalty.
The brazen manner in which the Posco and the Vedanta (Sterlite) have bought the friendship of Naveen Patnaik administration in Orissa and the Manmohan Singh government at the Centre is a testimony to the bourgeoning influence of the money power.... And what has the plant done to the people? Although the refinery is not yet in full operation, it is already damaging local life.
Filmmaker S.Josson spoke to the people of the area in March 2008. Sample one quote: Mukta a woman living in the vicinity of the refinery says: "The water has become bad. When we bathe the skin itches. When we drink we get sores in our mouth. Our hair is falling rapidly. The air quality has also become terrible. It is difficult to breathe. We get sores in our throat. The body itches at night. Our cattle are dying"... And this is how Naveen Patnaik and Manmohan Singh are bringing the experience of modern living for the tribal people of Orissa.
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Researchers study mercury in the Great Salt Lake [F]or reasons scientists cannot explain, [the Great Salt Lake] is heavily laden with toxic mercury.... Three years ago, in an alarming finding, U.S. Geological Survey tests showed the lake had some of the highest mercury readings ever recorded in a body of water in the United States.... Each year, more than 9 million birds stop by, many on their annual treks between Canada or South America and parts between, making the Great Salt Lake "sort of the Delta airplane hub of the West in terms of migration," Aldrich said.
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Save Our Sprays: EU Pesticide Ban -- Your Questions Answered Proposed EU pesticide legislation could remove key products from the market. Mike Abram explains the background, what the current position is, and what happens next.... "Among the many casualties would be virtually all insecticides, strobilurin fungicides, chlorothalonil, mesosulfuron-methyl (as in Atlantis), and metazachlor. It is probably easier to write a list of what would be left."
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Junk Mail Produces as Much CO2 as 7 States Combined "A report by the group ForestEthics estimates that destroying forests to make paper for junk mail releases as much greenhouse gas pollution as 9 million cars.
Another way to look at it: Junk mail produces as much pollution as seven U.S. states combined, or as much as heating 13 million homes each winter.
While the estimates may or may not be accurate, the point is indisputable: Junk mail is a waste."
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Algal Bloom: Crabs suffocating in Middle River John Neukam has been catching crabs in pots near the Middle River for decades. But this year, the crabs have been dying in the water, suffocated by a bright green algae bloom that is choking off oxygen and worrying watermen and recreational boaters.
"You crab all week, you get a bushel and a half in your live box, and they die," said Neukam, after checking his pots yesterday morning. "I've been here all my life -- 64 years -- and we've only had this one other time, when fertilizer from a farm seeped into the cove."
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No matter what flame retardant is used, it shows up in the environment "Another chapter has been added to the troubled history of flame retardants. The latest compounds used to reduce the risk of fire have been found in household dust for the first time.
First, there were polychlorinated biphenyls, which were banned in the 1970s when it became clear that they were highly toxic and were accumulating in people and wildlife.
PCBs were replaced by PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), which were used in a wide array of consumer products, including televisions and baby clothing. But then those also showed up in wildlife, including whales in the Arctic."
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Amazonian Chernobyl - Ecuador's oil environment disaster "Once it was pristine rainforest. Now it has been described as an Amazonian Chernobyl. Millions of gallons of crude oil and toxic waste - the legacy of an oil extraction programme - has blighted 1,700 hectares of land and poisoned the rivers and streams in Sucumbios in the north-east corner of Ecuador... Indigenous Indian people blame the pollution on the US oil giant Chevron - formerly Texaco - and say it has caused a catalogue of health problems including severe birth defects, spontaneous miscarriages and cancers."
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Tip: Bumming out? Don't forget that there's also the
Recovery Scenario!
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Invasion of the New Zealand mud snails "They are only a few millimetres long, hard-shelled and humble. But the New Zealand mud snails have laid siege to four of the five Great Lakes and are threatening to invade rivers and streams, too. A Penn State research team says these foreign-intruder species that have long been a problem in the western United States could have the ability to change ecosystems in the East."
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'Alarming' elevated cancer risk in South Seattle linked to air pollution "Residents of a broad swath of South Seattle from Seward Park to West Seattle face elevated cancer risks because of air pollution, according to a soon-to-be released government study... The risks are significantly elevated in pockets of industrial pollution -- and skyrocket within about 200 yards of highways, says the long-awaited study by state and federal scientists."
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Rockies wilderness at risk from latest dash for gas "...Somewhere in the workings of the British Columbia government, an application from global energy company BP is working its way around civil servants' desks. In it, the firm outlines a proposal that has horrified local environmentalists: the installation of up to 1,500 gas wells covering an area of 500 sq km (310 sq miles) amid the lush 1,580 sq km wilderness of the Flathead.... The Flathead valley connects the protected areas, allowing hundreds of bears and thousands of moose to roam between the parks. "
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Toxic plastic toys could go the way of dinosaurs "Children's advocates say they hope a sweeping consumer protection law passed by Congress last week will begin a broad national effort to shield youngsters from dangerous chemicals.
The bill, which is expected to be signed by the president, will require that toys be tested for safety before they're sold. The law would ban several types of phthalates, ingredients in plastic linked to reproductive problems."
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Invasive species bills stuck in Congress "Tiny foreign mussels assault drinking water sources in California and Nevada. A deadly fish virus spreads swiftly through the Great Lakes and beyond. Japanese shore crabs make a home for themselves in Long Island Sound, more than 6,000 miles away.
These are no exotic seafood delicacies. They're a menace to U.S. drinking water supplies, native plants and animals, and they cost billions to contain.
Yet Congress is moving to address the problem at the pace of a plain old garden snail. With time for passing laws rapidly diminishing in this election year, two powerful Senate committee chairmen are at loggerheads over legislation to set the first federal clean-up standards for the large oceangoing ships on which aquatic invasive species hitch a ride to U.S. shores."
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Toxic drugs, toxic system: Sociologist predicts drug disasters Americans are likely to be exposed to unacceptable side effects of FDA-approved drugs such as Vioxx in the future because of fatal flaws in the way new drugs are tested and marketed, according to research to be presented today at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association (ASA).
"Drug disasters are literally built into the current system of drug testing and approvals in the United States," said Donald Light.... "Recent changes in the system have only increased the proportion of new drugs with serious risks."
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State regulators knew nothing about the gas-field chemical spill ... that ended with a Durango nurse's illness because it happened on tribal land...
Behr removed Marshall's boots, which she said were damp. She and other nurses noticed a strong chemical smell when Marshall walked into the hospital.
"If (he) didn't have any chemical on (him), what the heck were we smelling?" Behr said.
Behr fell ill a few days later, and within a week she was fighting for her life in the intensive care unit....
Delayed symptoms are common after phosphate exposures, said Theo Colburn, president of The Endocrine Disruption Exchange, a Paonia nonprofit agency that has been critical of the chemicals used in gas drilling.
Phosphate "has the ability to shut down the body's ability to produce steroids," Colburn said. This can lead to immune-system failure.
Behr began to recover after her doctor treated her with steroids.
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Settlement Will Reduce Cancer-Causing Chemical In Potato Chips Attorney General Jerry Brown filed lawsuits in 2005 against H.J. Heinz, Frito-Lay, Lance Inc and Kettle Foods, together with Procter and Gamble PG.N and four fast-food chains: McDonald's, KFC, Burger King and Wendy's for selling food containing high levels of acrylamide, a chemical compound that is produced when foods, particularly potatoes, are cooked at high temperatures.
According to Brown's statement, the corporations have reached an agreement to decrease the levels of the chemical that causes cancer and is found in their product.
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Evidence That Pesticides Are Seriously Messing Up Our Honey Bees "...They've found some incredible numbers taken from samples taken last year - one bee, a single, solitary bee, had 25 different insecticides hidden within her tiny body. And she wasn't even dead. The cleanest bee they found had only five insecticides. Only."
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Hurricanes feed environmental fears about hog lagoons "The destruction wrought on hog lagoons by Hurricane Floyd in 1999 prompted North Carolina's governor to vow to eliminate them.
However, ten years later, more than 3,800 hog lagoons still operate and are, increasingly, the target of environmental activists.
Flooding killed hundreds of swine and caused hog lagoons to overflow, contaminating nearby water supplies."
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The Global Sweep Of Pollution: Satellite Snapshots Capture Long-Distance Movement "Towering smokestacks were a popular mid-twentieth-century "remedy" for industrial emissions. Pump the stuff high enough into the air, went the thinking, and the problem would go away. But evidence collected since then has strongly suggested that tall smokestacks are not sufficient to mitigate the effects of pollution -- those pollutants eventually came down somewhere, dozens or thousands of miles away."
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Prenatal Cell Phone Exposure Tied to Behavior "Children whose mothers used cell phones frequently during pregnancy and who are themselves cell phone users are more likely to have behavior problems, new research shows... After the researchers adjusted for factors that could influence the results, such as a mother's psychiatric problems and socioeconomic factors, children with both prenatal and postnatal cell phone exposure were 80 percent more likely to have abnormal or borderline scores on tests evaluating emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, or problems with peers."
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Tip: Bumming out? Don't forget that there's also the
Recovery Scenario!
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Government pesticide and fertilizer data dropped "The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has eliminated the only federal program that tracks the use of pesticides and fertilizers on American farms. The move has left scientists, industry groups, and public advocates surprised and confused about how to carry on their work without this free information. The canceled program was the only one to make freely available to the public nationwide data on the amount of pesticides and fertilizers applied to U.S. farms."
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Earthworm's plight is early warning of threat to man "...Research carried out by scientists at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology at the University of Edinburgh, shows that even low levels of chemical pollutants in the soil caused fundamental changes in the lifecycle of earthworms, affecting their ability to reproduce. These findings raise fundamental questions about the effect of pollution in the soil and also raise concerns about the effect of human exposure to widely used chemicals."
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Underwater, a disturbing new world "In just a few years, the gravel and white boulders that for centuries covered the bottom of Lake Michigan between Chicago and the Door County, Wis., peninsula have disappeared under a carpet of mussels and primitive plant life... In the last three years or so, scientists say, invasive species have upended the ecology of the lakes, shifting distribution of species and starving familiar fish of their usual food supply."
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Study Suggests 86 Percent Of Americans Could Be Overweight Or Obese By 2030 "Most adults in the U.S. will be overweight or obese by 2030, with related health care spending projected to be as much as $956.9 billion, according to researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Their results are published in the July 2008 online issue of Obesity."
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